Associação entre a doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica e o índice triglicérides/glicose / Association between nonalcoholic fatty pancreatic disease and triglyceride/glucose index

ABSTRACT Background: Nonalcoholic fatty pancreatic disease (NAFPD) is an increase of fat in the pancreas, and has an important association with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research has confirmed that the triglyceridemia/glycemia (TyG) index determines IR as much as does the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp assessment as the homeostasis model testing of IR (HOMA-IR). Objective: To eva­luate the association between degree of NAFPD and TyG index. Methods: In 72 patients undergoing ultrasound of abdomen with a diagnosis of NAFPD, insulin, glucose, and triglycerides levels were evaluated. The HOMA-IR and TyG indexes were used as a reference for IR. The degrees of NAFPD and the TyG index were presented through the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves in order to evaluate the association between different degrees of NAFPD, and the correlation of NAFPD with HOMA-IR was also evaluated. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between the degree of NAFPD and the TyG index. The AUROC curve for the TyG index for predicting the degree of NADPD was 0.855 (0.840-0.865). The intensity-adjusted probabilities of the degree of NAFPD were more strongly associated with TyG values when compared with HOMA-IR. Conclusion: In this study the TyG index correlated positively with the degree of NAFPD, performing better than HOMA-IR.

RESUMO Contexto: A doença pancreática gordurosa não alcoólica (DPGNA) é um aumento de gordura pancreática, e tem uma importante associação com a resistência à insulina (RI) e com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Pesquisas confirmaram que o índice triglicérides/glicemia (TyG) determina a RI tanto quanto a avaliação da clamp hiperinsulinêmico-euglicêmico como o teste do modelo de homeostasia da RI (HOMA-IR). Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o grau de DPGNA e o índice TyG. Métodos: Em 72 pacientes submetidos a ultrassonografia do abdome com diagnóstico de DPGNA, foram avaliados os níveis de insulina, glicose e triglicérides. Os índices HOMA-IR e TyG foram usados como referência para RI. Os graus de DGPNA e o índice TyG foram apresentados através da curva ROC com o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre diferentes graus de DPGNA, e a correlação do DGPNA com o HOMA-IR também foi avaliada. Resultados: Houve uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o grau de DPGNA e o índice TyG. A curva AUROC para o índice TyG para prever o grau do NADPD foi 0,855 (0,840-0,865). As probabilidades ajustadas de intensidade do grau de NAFPD foram mais fortemente associadas aos valores de TyG quando comparadas com o HOMA-IR. Conclusão: Neste estudo, o índice TyG correlacionou-se positivamente com o grau de DPGNA, tendo um desempenho melhor que o índice HOMA-IR.

Triglyceride-glucose index as a predictor of obstructive sleep apnoea severity in the absence of traditional risk factors / Índice de triglicerídeos-glicose como preditor de gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono na ausência de fatores de risco tradicionais

Abstract Objective We evaluated the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TG) index, a marker of insulin resistance, and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) severity in patients without diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 1,527 patients. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the independent predictors associated with OSA. Results Most patients were males (81.5%) with a mean age of 43.9 ± 11.1 (15-90) years. Based on the apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI), 353 (23.1%) patients were included in the control group, whereas 32.4%, 23.5%, and 21% had mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively. The TG index values demonstrated significant associations with OSA patients compared with the control group (p = 0.001). In addition, the mean values of the oxygen desaturation index (ODI), AHI, minimum oxygen saturation, and total sleep time percentage with saturation below 90% demonstrated statistically significant differences among the TG index groups (p: 0.001; p:0.001; p:0.001; p:0.003). The optimal TG index cutoff value to predict OSA was 8.615 (AUC = 0.638, 95% CI = 0.606-0.671, p = 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index, the TG index was independently associated with OSA patients. Conclusion The TG index is independently associated with increased risk for OSA. This indicates that this index, a marker for disease severity, can be used to identify severe OSA patients on waiting lists for PSG.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliamos a associação entre o índice triglicerídeos-glicose (TG), um marcador de resistência à insulina, e a gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) em pacientes sem diabetes mellitus, obesidade e síndrome metabólica. Métodos Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluiu 1.527 pacientes. Utilizamos análises univariadas e multivariadas para identificar os preditores independentes associados à AOS. Resultados A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (81,5%) com idade média de 43,9 ± 11,1 anos (15-90). Com base no índice apneia-hipopneia (IAH), 353 (23,1%) pacientes foram incluídos no grupo de controle, enquanto 32,4%, 23,5% e 21% tinham AOS leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. Os valores do índice TG demonstraram associações significativas com pacientes com AOS em comparação com o grupo de controle (p = 0,001). Além disso, os valores médios do índice de dessaturação de oxigênio (IDO), IAH, saturação mínima de oxigênio e porcentagem de tempo total de sono com saturação abaixo de 90% demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos de índice TG (p = 0,001; p = 0,001; p = 0,001; p = 0,003). O valor de corte ideal do índice TG para prever a AOS foi de 8,615 (AUC=0,638, IC de 95% = 0,606-0,671, p = 0,001). Na análise de regressão logística multivariada, após o ajuste para idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal, o índice TG foi independentemente associado a pacientes com AOS. Conclusão O índice TG está independentemente associado a um maior risco de AOS. Isso indica que este índice, um marcador de gravidade da doença, pode ser usado para identificar pacientes com AOS grave em listas de espera para polissonografia.

Changes and significance of triglyceride-glucose index, C-peptide and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hyperuricemia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the changes and significance of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, C-peptide and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated with hyperuricemia (HUA).Methods:A prospective research method was adopted. One hundred and three patients with T2DM treated in Tongling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected between March 2019 and November 2021, and they were divided into HUA group (34 cases) and non-hyperuricemia (NUA) group (69 cases) according to whether they were complicated with HUA. The general data, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum uric acid (SUA), serum C-peptide, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and serum creatinine (SCr) were compared among the patients, and the TyG index was calculated. The relationship between the above different indicators and SUA was analyzed, and the possible risk factors of HUA with T2DM were analyzed.Results:There were no statistical differences in gender, disease course of diabetes and smoking history between HUA group and NUA group ( P>0.05), but the age in HUA group was younger than that in NUA group: (46.71 ± 10.23) years old vs. (58.74 ± 11.22) years old, and the body mass index (BMI) was higher than that in NUA group: (24.48 ± 2.26) kg/m 2 vs. (22.05 ± 2.14) kg/m 2, and the proportion of patients with alcohol drinking history was higher than that in NUA group: 55.88% (18/34) vs. 24.64% (17/69) ( P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of FBG, TC and LDL-C between HUA group and NUA group ( P>0.05), but the TG, TyG index, C-peptide, SUA and SCr were higher in HUA group than those in NUA group: (2.68 ± 0.57) mmol/L vs. (1.57 ± 0.33) mmol/L, 10.58 ± 3.52 vs. 7.03 ± 2.14, (2.59 ± 0.67) μg/L vs. (2.07 ± 0.41) μg/L, (356.74 ± 56.47) μmol/L vs. (319.87 ± 50.92) μmol/L, (72.05 ± 8.31) μmol/L vs. (58.59 ± 8.04) μmol/L, while the HDL-C level was lower than that in NUA group: (1.09 ± 0.33) mmol/L vs. (1.38 ± 0.41) mmol/L ( P<0.05). Pearson correlation results showed that TyG index, C-peptide, TG, LDL-C and SCr were positively correlated with SUA ( r = 0.42, 0.49, 0.41, 0.30 and 0.51; P<0.05), and HDL-C was negatively correlated with SUA ( r = -0.47, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that increased BMI, alcohol drinking, increased TyG index and C-peptide, TG and SCr and reduced HDL-C were risk factors for HUA in patients with T2DM ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The TyG index, serum C-peptide and TG in patients with T2DM complicated with HUA are abnormally increased and are positively correlated with SUA, while HDL-C is decreased and is negatively correlated with SUA. High BMI, alcohol drinking, high TyG index, C-peptide, TG and SCr, and low HDL-C level are risk factors for HUA in patients with T2DM.

Predictive value of nutritional risk index, systemic immune inflammation index and triglyceride glucose index on the condition and prognosis of patients with acute pancreatitis / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the predictive value of nutritional risk index (NRI), systemic immune inflammatory index (SⅡ) and triglyceride glucose (TyG) index on the condition and prognosis of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). 【Methods】 A total of 173 AP patients were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) group (n=79), moderate acute pancreatitis (MSAP) group (n=44), and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) group (n=50) according to their severity. All the 50 SAP patients were divided into death group (19 cases) and survival group (31 cases) according to the death situation. The NRI, SⅡ and TyG indexes of each group were recorded and compared. The values of NRI, SⅡ and TyG index in predicting the occurrence and death of SAP were analyzed with ROC curve. Pearson correlation analysis of the correlation between NRI, SⅡ, and TyG index in SAP patients was made. 【Results】 NRI was significantly lower in SAP group (89.25±4.50) than in MSAP group (93.40±6.25) and MAP group (97.62±8.60), while SⅡand TyG index in SAP group (2 706.30±1 052.74, 7.84±1.21) were significantly higher than those in MSAP group (1 937.24±983.48, 6.52±1.05) and MAP group (1 280.58±717.36, 4.65±0.58) (P<0.001). NRI in death group (86.40±3.70) was significantly lower than that in survival group (91.46±5.28), while SⅡ and TyG index in death group (3 085.73±1 192.48, 9.05±1.37) were significantly higher than those in survival group (2 270.26±994.53, 6.70±1.10) (P<0.001). The ROC curve showed that the AUC of NRI, SⅡ and TyG index jointly predicting SAP occurrence and death was 0.850 (95% CI: 0.792-0.908) and 0.905 (95% CI: 0.843-0.966), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that NRI was negatively correlated with SⅡ and TyG index in SAP patients (r=-0.761, P<0.001, r=-0.813, P<0.001), while SⅡ was positively correlated with TyG index (r=0.842, P<0.001). 【Conclusion】 NRI, SⅡ and TyG index are related to the severity and death of AP patients, and the combination of the three indexes has good value in predicting the occurrence and prognosis of SAP.

Study on the correlation between triglyceride glucose index and severe hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and severe hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP), and to provide assistance for early evaluation and clinical decision-making of HTGP.Methods:From January 2016 to December 2021, the clinical data of 770 patients diagnosed with HTGP at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were retrospectively collected. According to severity of pancreatitis, the patients were divided into mild acute pancreatitis (MAP), moderate severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) and severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) groups, and the differences in TyG index among the 3 groups was compared. According to the quartile range of the TyG index, the patients were divided into TyG Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups, and the distribution of severity of pancreatitis in each TyG index quartile group was calculated. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for statistical analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between TyG index quartile range and the severity of pancreatitis. Linear trend chi-square test was used to analyze the trend of SAP incidence among groups. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between TyG index quartile range and the risk of SAP, and the trend test was also conducted. Results:A total of 770 patients with HTGP were included, among them 330 (42.9%), 268 (34.8%) and 172 (22.3%) were MAP, MSAP and SAP, respectively. The TyG indices of MAP, MSAP and SAP group were 11.8(11.3, 12.4), 12.5(11.9, 13.2) and 12.7(12.1, 13.4), respectively, and the differences among the 3 groups were statistically significant ( H=121.77, P<0.001). The TyG index was 12.21 (11.57, 12.94) in the 770 patients. There were 192, 193, 193 and 192 patients enrolled in TyG Q1(TyG index <11.57)、 Q2(TyG index ranged from 11.57 to <12.21)、 Q3(TyG index ranged from 12.21 to <12.94) and Q4(TyG index≥12.94) group, respectively.The correlation test showed that the difference between TyG quartile range and the severity of pancreatitis was statistically significant ( ρ=0.372, P<0.001). The incidence of SAP in TyG Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 group was 10.9%(21/192), 14.5%(28/193), 27.5%(53/193) and 36.5%(70/192), respectively. The trend test of SAP incidence among the TyG gruops was statistically significant ( χ2 =44.33, P<0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, taking the TyG Q1 group as a reference, the OR values of SAP risk (95% confidence interval) of the TyG Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups were 1.250 (0.619 to 2.524), 2.882 (1.506 to 5.514) and 6.660 (3.456 to 12.836), respectively, and the trend test of SAP risk showed a significant difference ( OR=2.508, 95%confidence interval 1.883 to 3.341, P<0.001). Conclusions:There is a correlation between TyG index and severity of pancreatitis in patients with HTGP. As the TyG index increases, the risk of SAP increases in HTGP patients. TyG index may be an early predictor of severe HTGP.

Association between triglyceride glucose index and impairment of renal function in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly population / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and impairment of renal function in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly population.Methods:A total of 4 988 residents aged ≥45 years undergoing health check-up in Yongshun Health Service Center from January 2016 to December 2021 were enrolled and followed up. According to the quartile of the baseline TyG index, all subjects were divided into Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups. The medical history, physical examination and laboratory test results were documented. Participants were followed up through regular health check-up until March 31, 2023. The outcomes were rapid decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (a loss in eGFR>3 ml·min -1·1.73 m -2 per year) and the new-onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD) during the follow-up period. Linear regression model, multivariate logistic regression model, restricted cubic spline fitting logistic regression model and ROC curve analysis were used to analyze the association between the TyG index and the impairment of renal function. Results:Among 4 988 residents, 1 396 (28.0%) were males and the age was (59.76±6.28) years. There were 1 247 participants in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups, respectively. After 56 months of follow-up, the incidence of rapid eGFR decline and new-onset CKD was 21.9% (1 294/4 988) and 4.0% (200/4 988), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that TyG index was correlated positively with rapid eGFR decline and new-onset of CKD ( OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.17-1.52, P<0.001, and OR=1.57, 95%CI:1.19-2.06, P=0.001). Taking group Q1 as a reference, higher levels of TyG index ( Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups) was an independent risk factor for rapid eGFR decline ( P<0.05), which has a dose-response relationship (for trend P=0.002). Compared with the lowest quartile, the adjusted OR of new-onset CKD in the highest quartile was 1.85 ( 95%CI:1.13-3.03, P=0.014). The results of restricted cubic spline fitting logistic regression analysis showed a linear association between TyG index and both outcomes (both P>0.05). The area under ROC curve ( AUC) of the TyG index for predicting the two adverse outcomes were 0.536 ( 95%CI: 0.516-0.556, P<0.001) and 0.588 ( 95%CI:0.548-0.627, P<0.001), respectively. Conclusion:The elevated levels of TyG index may be used as an independent predictor of rapid eGFR decline and new-onset CKD.

The association between the TyG index and the number of coronary artery lesions in patients with stable coronary artery disease / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To analyse the association between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the number of coronary artery lesions in patients with stable coronary artery disease.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study. Patients with stable coronary artery disease who were admitted to Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from 1st January 2019 to 30th April 2020 for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were selected. We collected general clinical information and laboratory results from the enrolled patients, then calculated the TyG index. We evaluated coronary artery lesions by coronary angiography and analysed the factors associated with the number of coronary artery lesion branches by the logistic regression model.Results:A total of 832 patients were included in this study, 641 (77.0%) were male, the age was (64.6±11.5) years. The mean TyG index was 8.78. Patients with the TyG index≥8.78 were included in the high TyG index group (411 patients), and those with the TyG index<8.78 were included in the low TyG index group (421 patients). Compared with the low TyG index group, the high TyG index group had the higher body mass index and diastolic blood pressure, more smokers and diabetes mellitus, younger age of onset of coronary heart disease (all P<0.05), and a lower proportion of patients using statins ( P=0.027). Compared with the low TyG index group, the high TyG index group had the higher levels of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, albumin, urea nitrogen, uric acid, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein E, and C-reactive protein (all P<0.05). However, the levels of high density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein A were lower in the high TyG index group than those in the low TyG index group (all P<0.05). The number of coronary artery lesions in patients in the high TyG index group was 2.35±0.91, more than the low TyG index group 2.10±0.95 ( P<0.001).After adjusting for the other factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male, smoking history (smoking cessation or smoking), TyG index and troponin T levels were independently positively associated with the number of coronary artery lesions (all OR>1, P<0.05), while ApoA1 was independently negatively associated with the number of coronary artery lesions ( OR=0.140, P=0.007). Conclusions:TyG index is positively associated with the number of coronary artery lesions in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

The triglyceride glucose index predicts the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community: a prospective cohort study / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To explore the characteristics of the association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in a community population.Method:This was a prospective cohort study. From December 2011 to April 2012, the first investigation was conducted among subjects with more than 40-year old who were from Shijingshan district and Pingguoyuan community in Beijing. The second investigation was conducted from April to October 2015. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to the tertile of the TyG index at baseline. The multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was established to explore the correlation between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the TyG index group was drawn. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia to determine the correlation characteristics between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease among subgroups.Results:A total of 9 577 subjects were finally included to analyze. The mean follow-up time of this study was (34.14±3.84) months. During the follow-up, 363 subjects (3.8%) occurred nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that the hazard ratio ( HR) of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the high TyG index group was 1.54 (95% CI 1.19-1.98), 1.60 (95% CI 1.23-2.10), and 1.57 (95% CI 1.20-2.05) in the three models, compared with the low TyG index group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease increased from the low-TyG index group to the high-TyG index group ( P=0.015). In the six subgroups analysis, only gender was shown to have a significant interaction effect with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. In the female population, the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease is significantly increased with the increase in the TyG index level ( P<0.001). Conclusions:A high TyG index is independently related to the increased risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community population. Gender has a significant interaction with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. Therefore, the TyG index may be a useful marker to predict the nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk of a community population.

Impact of interaction between NLRP3, TLR4 gene polymorphisms and triglyceride-glucose index on gout / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of triglyceride glucose(TyG) index, single nucleotide polymorphism of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) genes, and its interaction on the risk of gout.Methods:A total of 315 male patients with gout and 499 men for health checkup at the same period were selected. General data were collected through questionnaires, and peripheral venous blood was collected for biochemical test. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of NLRP3 and TLR4 were detected with multiplex ligase assay reaction, and logistic regression analysis was applied to compare the correlation between NLRP3 and TLR4 alleles and gout risk. The interaction of SNP and TyG index with gout was analyzed by generalized multi-factor dimensionality reduction(GMDR) model and logistic regression.Results:After adjusting for smoking, drinking, and other factors, the risk of gout increased by 61.1% for each standard deviation increase in TyG index. CC genotypes of rs10754558, rs10759932, and rs7525979 were high risk genotypes of gout in Han ethnicity. GMDR results showed significant differences in the interaction models of rs10754558-TyG index, rs7525979-TyG index, and rs10759932-TyG index between control group and gout group( P<0.05), suggesting an interaction between the three genotypes of SNPs selected and TyG index. Stratified analysis of the three selected SNPs and TyG index showed that after adjusting for age, smoking, and other factors, the high TyG index patients carrying C/C or C/G genotype at rs10754558 displayed an increased risk of gout compared with those carrying GG genotype and low TyG index( OR=2.127, P<0.05). Conclusion:The CC genotypes of rs10754558, rs10759932, and rs7525979 are high risk genotypes for gout in Han ethnicity. The interaction between rs10754558 and TyG index may increase the risk of gout development.

Value of triglyceride-glucose index combined with obesity index in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To investigate the value of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), TyG combined with body mass index (BMI), and TyG combined with waist circumference (WC) in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 190 patients who underwent sleep respiratory monitoring and were diagnosed with OSA in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021, and according to the results of ultrasonography, they were divided into OSA+NAFLD group with 107 patients and control group with 83 patients. The t -test or the Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors for the development of NAFLD in patients with OSA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC in predicting NAFLD in the patients with OSA, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. The Z test was used for comparison of AUC. Results Compared with the control group, the OSA+NAFLD group had significantly higher BMI, neck circumference, WC, apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, and TyG and significantly lower age, average SpO 2 , LSaO 2 , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P < 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that TyG (odds ratio [ OR ]=1.961, 95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 1.03-3.73, P =0.04), BMI ( OR =1.203, 95% CI : 1.03-1.41, P =0.020), and WC ( OR =1.074, 95% CI : 1.01-1.14, P =0.026) were independent risk factors for NAFLD in patients with OSA. TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC had an AUC of 0.696 (95% CI : 0.625-0.760), 0.787 (95% CI : 0.722-0.843), and 0.803 (95% CI : 0.739-0.857), respectively, in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients, with an optimal cut-off value of 8.72, 0.36, and 0.60, respectively. TyG combined with BMI had a significantly higher value than TyG in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients ( Z =2.542, P =0.011), and TyG combined with WC also had a significantly higher predictive value than TyG ( Z =2.976, P =0.002 9). Conclusion TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC have a good value in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients, among which TyG combined with WC has the best predictive value and is thus expected to become a predictor for the risk of NAFLD in OSA patients.

Relationship between peripheral arterial disease severity determined by the Glass classification and triglyceride-glucose index; novel association and novel classification system / Relación entre la gravedad de la enfermedad arterial periférica determinada por la clasificación GLASS y el índice de triglicéridos-glucosa; nueva asociación y nuevo sistema de clasificación

Abstract Peripheral arterial disease is a serious clinical manifestation caused by atherosclerosis. It is one common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is commonly seen in males, and its (prevelance) increases with age. It is most prevalent with smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. Novel studies investigate the relationship between triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and cardiovascular diseases. Studies investigating the association of this index and peripheral arterial disease and disease severity are generally done by using The Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) classification. We aimed to study this association by using the new Global Limb Anatomic Staging System (GLASS) classification. Two hundred patients between 25 to 90 years old diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease and admitted to the hospital for peripheral arterial angiography between July 2021 and December 2021, were evaluated retrospectively with blood parameters and angiographic images. Patients were divided into two groups: moderate (group 1; n=58) and severe (group 2; n=142) according to the GLASS classification. No statistical differences were observed for comorbidities and repeated interventional procedure rates (p=0.164). Triglyceride values were found to be statistically different between groups (p=0.040). TyG was found higher in group 2 (p= 0.04). According to the binary logistic regression model, only TyG was found to have a significant effect as a diagnostic factor (p=0.011). TyG was also significantly correlated with the Rutherford (p=0.012) and GLASS classification severity (p<0.001). Peripheral arterial disease and disease severity could be easily monitored with simple calculable TyG. In this way, precautions could be taken, and morbidities could be prevented.

Resumen La enfermedad arterial periférica es una manifestación clínica importante causada por la aterosclerosis. Es una causa común de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Se ve comúnmente en hombres y la prevalencia aumenta con la edad. Es más común con el tabaquismo, la hipertensión, la diabetes mellitus y la hiperlipidemia. Nuevos estudios investigan la relación entre el índice de triglicéridos-glucosa (TyG) y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los estudios que investigan la asociación de este índice y la enfermedad arterial periférica generalmente se realizan utilizando la clasificación de TASC. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar esta asociación utilizando la nueva clasificación de GLASS (sistema global de estadificación anatómica de extremidades). Doscientos pacientes entre 25 a 90 años con diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica e ingresados al hospital para angiografía arterial periférica entre julio de 2021 y diciembre de 2021, fueron evaluados retrospectivamente con parámetros sanguíneos e imágenes angiográficas. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos: leves (grupo 1; n=58) y graves (grupo 2; n=142) según la clasificación de GLASS. No se observaron diferencias estadísticas para las comorbilidades y las tasas de procedimientos intervencionistas repetidos (p = 0,164). Los valores de triglicéridos se encontraron significativamente diferentes entre los grupos (p= 0,04). El índice de triglicéridos-glucosa se encontró más alto en el grupo 2 (p= 0,04). Según el modelo de regresión logística binaria, solo el índice de triglicéridos-glucosa resultó tener un efecto significativo como factor diagnóstico (p=0,011). El índice de triglicéridos-glucosa también se correlacionó significativamente con la gravedad de la clasificación de Rutherford (p=0,012) y la clasificación de GLASS (p<0,001). La enfermedad arterial periférica y la gravedad de la enfermedad podrían controlarse fácilmente con TyG calculable simple. De esta manera, se podrían tomar precauciones y prevenir morbilidades.

Asociación del índice triglicérido-glucosa con colesterol-no-HDL aumentado como indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico en estudios poblacionales / Association of the triglyceride-glucose index with increased non-HDL-cholesterol as an indicator of cardiometabolic risk in population studies / Associação do índice triglicerídeo-glicose com colesterol-não-HDL aumentado como indicador de risco cardiometabólico em estudos populacionais / Reconocimiento a la trayectoria del Prof. Dr. Juan Miguel Castagnino†

Resumen Se propone la asociación de dos indicadores para la detección de personas con riesgo cardiometabólico (RCM) en estudios poblacionales: triglicéridoglucosa (TyG) >8,75 y colesterol-no-HDL (C-no-HDL) ≥160 mg/dL, que se denominará indicador de RCM. La enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECVA) y la diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) son muy frecuentes. TyG aumentado es un estimador de insulinorresistencia y síndrome metabólico (SM) y está relacionado con la detección precoz de riesgo para DT2. C-no-HDL ≥160 mg/ dL ha sido recomendado informarlo en los estudios de laboratorio vinculados con el riesgo para ECVA, sus aumentos están relacionados con todas las lipoproteínas aterogénicas y es de mucho interés en hipertrigliceridemias y SM, por la presencia de lipoproteínas remanentes. En un estudio poblacional sobre 540 personas del sur argentino se halló un aumento significativo de RCM luego de los 20 años y luego de los 40 años de edad un tercio de la población lo tenía presente. El RCM se halló asociado con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), luego de ajustar para edad y género. Después de los 30 años, el RCM estaba presente en un tercio de las personas con IMC ≥27 kg/m2. En otro estudio realizado en personas con riesgo para DT2 con RCM presente, 65,8% tenían HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) >2,1 y 61,8% SM. Se concluye que la asociación de TyG >8,75 y C-no-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (RCM) podría ser de interés para la detección de grupos poblacionales con alto riesgo cardiometabólico, en la prevención de ECVA y DT2.

Abstract The association of two indicators was proposed for the detection of people with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in population studies: triglyceride-glucose (TyG) >8.75 and non-HDL-cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) ≥160 mg/dL, which will be called CMR indicator. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are very common. Increased TyG is an estimator of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MS) and is related to the early detection of risk for T2D. Non-HDL-C≥160 mg/dL has been recommended to be reported in laboratory studies related to the risk for CVA and its increases are related to all atherogenic lipoproteins and it is of great interest in hypertriglyceridemia and MS, due to the presence of lipoproteins remnants. In a population study of 540 people from Southern Argentina, a significant increase in CMR was found after 20 years of age, and after 40 years of age; a third of the population had it. CMR was found to be associated with body mass index (BMI), after adjusting for age and gender. After age 30 years, CMR was present in a third of the people with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2. In another study conducted in people at risk for T2D with CMR present, 65.8% had HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) >2.1 and 61.8% MS. It is concluded that the association of TyG <8.75 and non-HDL-C ≥160 mg/dL (CMR) could be of interest for the detection of population groups with high cardiometabolic risk, in the prevention of ACVD and T2D.

Resumo A associação de dois índices é proposta para a detecção de pessoas com risco cardiometabólico (RCM) em estudos populacionais: triglicerídeo-glicose (TyG) >8,75 e colesterol-não-HDL (C-não-HDL) ≥160 mg/ dL, que será denominado indicador de RCM. A doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCVA) e o diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) são muito comuns. TyG aumentado é um estimador de resistência à insulina e síndrome metabólica (SM) e está relacionado com a detecção precoce de risco para DT2. C-não-HDL ≥160 mg/dL tem sido recomendado para relatá-lo em estudos laboratoriais vinculados com o risco de DCVA e seus aumentos estão relacionados com todas as lipoproteínas aterogênicas e é de grande interesse na hipertrigliceridemia e SM devido à presença de restos de lipoproteínas. Em um estudo populacional de 540 pessoas do sul da Argentina, foi encontrado um aumento significativo de RCM após os 20 anos de idade e, depois dos 40 anos, um terço da população o apresentava. A RCM foi associada ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), após ajustar para idade e gênero. Após os 30 anos, a RCM estava presente em um terço das pessoas com IMC ≥27 kg/m2. Em outro estudo realizado em pessoas com risco para DT2 com RCM presente, 65,8% tinham HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) >2,1 e 61,8% SM. Conclui-se que a associação de TyG >8,75 e C-não-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (RCM) poderia ser de interesse para a detecção de grupos populacionais com alto risco cardiometabolico, na prevenção de DCVA e DT2.

Value of triglyceride-glucose index and body mass index in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To investigate the value of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and body mass index (BMI) in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 349 patients with T2DM who were treated in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from May 2020 to July 2021, and according to the presence or absence of NAFLD, they were divided into T2DM+NAFLD group with 213 patients and simple T2DM group with 136 patients. The t -test or the Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of TyG and BMI with T2DM+NAFLD, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the prediction efficiency of TyG alone, BMI alone, and TYG combined with BMI for NAFLD in T2DM. The Kappa coefficient was used to analyze the consistency of prediction results. Results Compared with the simple T2DM group, the T2DM+NAFLD group had significantly higher BMI, diastolic pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TyG (all P 0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that TyG (odds ratio [ OR ]=6.513, 95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 1.884-22.517, P < 0.001) and BMI ( OR =1.369, 95% CI : 1.191-1.575, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for NAFLD in T2DM. The ROC curve analysis showed that TyG had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.875 in predicting NAFLD in T2DM, with a sensitivity of 80.3%, a specificity of 80.1%, a positive predictive value of 86.36%, and a negative predictive value of 72.19% at the optimal cut-off value of 9.41; BMI had an AUC of 0.787, with a sensitivity of 78.9%, a specificity of 64.0%, a positive predictive value of 77.36%, and a negative predictive value of 64.23% at the optimal cut-off value of 24.22; TyG combined with BMI had an AUC of 0.910, a sensitivity of 81.2%, a specificity of 88.2%, a positive predictive value of 91.53%, and a negative predictive value of 75.00% in predicting NAFLD in T2DM. TyG alone, BMI alone, and TyG combined with BMI had a Kappa coefficient of 0.592, 0.416, and 0.673, respectively, in predicting NAFLD in T2DM. Conclusion TyG and BMI can be used to predict the onset of NAFLD in T2DM, and the combination of TyG and BMI can improve the predictive value.

Triglyceride-glucose index and obesity-related anthropometric indices on the risk of hypertension / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To investigate the impact of the interaction between triglyceride-glucose(TyG)and obesity-related anthropometric indices on hypertension risk.Methods:A total of 3 356 permanent residents over 40 years were recruited from Songnan community, Baoshan district, Shanghai. All participants underwent questionnaire surveys, physical examinations, and biochemical parameter tests. TyG-WHR, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-BMI were obtained by multiplying TyG index with waist-to-hip ratio(WHR), waist-to-height ratio(WHtR), and body mass index(BMI), respectively. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations of the three indices and hypertension. The interactions of TyG index and obesity-related anthropometric indices on the risk of hypertension were analyzed in different genders.Results:After multivariable adjustment, the fourth quartile of TyG, TyG-WHR, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-BMI demostrated higher risk of hypertension compared with the first quantile, with OR(95% CI)2.93(2.37-3.62), 3.22(2.59-4.01), 4.33(3.46-5.42), and 4.07(3.27-5.06). Two abdominal obesity-related indicators WHR(RERI=1.52, 95% CI 0.12-2.92; AP=0.32, 95% CI 0.06-0.59)and WHtR(RERI=2.41, 95% CI 0.64-4.19; AP=0.39, 95% CI 0.15-0.63; SI=1.88, 95% CI 1.10-3.21)had a biological interaction with TyG index on the risk of hypertension in female, but not in male. Conclusion:The combination of TyG and obesity-related indicators is significantly correlated with the increased risk of hypertension, which may be influenced by gender and fat distribution type.

Comparison of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and triglyceride-glucose index in identifying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To compare the ability of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in identifying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods:A total of 11 524 eligible subjects who underwent physical examination in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January to December in 2018 were selected in this research. The correlation between TG/HDL-C, TyG and NAFLD was analyzed by using binary logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of TyG and TG/HDL-C were drawn for identifying NAFLD in male and female, and their diagnostic value for NAFLD was compared.Results:The prevalence of NAFLD increased with TG/HDL-C and TyG. After adjusting for confounding factors, when compared with that in the first quartile group of TG/HDL-C, the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals ( CI) of NAFLD risk in the second, third and fourth quartile groups of TG/HDL-C was 2.380 (2.039-2.779), 3.902 (3.342-4.555) and 7.903 (6.745-9.259), respectively. Compared with that in the first quartile group of TyG, the OR (95% CI) of NAFLD risk in the second, third and fourth quartile groups of TyG was 2.243 (1.923-2.617), 3.918 (3.363-4.565) and 9.002 (7.676-10.559), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of TG/HDL-C and TyG in identifying NAFLD in male was 0.746 and 0.744, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two indexes ( P=0.509 1). The AUCs of TG/HDL-C and TyG in identifying NAFLD in female was 0.785 and 0.799, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001). The cut-off point of TG/HDL-C for identifying NAFLD in male was 1.02, and the cut-off point of TyG for identifying NAFLD in female was 8.55. Conclusions:TG/HDL-C and TyG are closely related to NAFLD in adults. There is no difference between TG/HDL-C and TyG in evaluating NAFLD in male, while TyG is better than TG/HDL-C in evaluating NAFLD in female.

Comparación de los índices triglicéridosglucosa y McAuley en el síndrome metabólico en personas con riesgo para diabetes tipo 2 / Comparison of the triglyceride-glucose and McAuley indices in metabolic syndrome in people at risk for type 2 diabetes

Resumen La prevalencia de la glucosa elevada en ayunas y la diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) está aumentando en la Argentina. Interesa encontrar índices de insulinorresistencia accesibles al laboratorio clínico con bajo costo. En 74 varones y 142 mujeres con riesgo para DT2 se analizaron los índices de McAuley y triglicéridos-glucosa (T-G) para: a) determinar los valores del índice de McAuley y su correlación con el índice T-G; b) comparar ambos índices para la detección del síndrome metabólico (SM) y su concordancia; c) determinar la asociación con los componentes de SM. Para McAuley la mediana fue 6,68 y el rango intercuartílico (5,47-8,25) y para T-G fue 8,71 (8,35-9,05) respectivamente. La correlación entre ambos fue r=-0,802, p<0,001. Respecto del SM, las áreas bajo la curva ROC fueron: índice T-G=0,816±0,029 (IC95% 0,758-0,873), p<0,001 y para el 1/índice de McAuley=0,816±0,030 (IC95% 0,758-0,874) p<0,001. La concordancia Kappa entre ambos fue 0,630, p<0,001, Chi cuadrado 85,74 (p<0,001). Para T-G y McAuley la sensibilidad fue 80,7% y 80,7%, la especificidad 70,7% y 69,4%, PP+ 62,5% y 62%, PP- 83,9 y 85,3%, la razón de probabilidad positiva (RP+) fue 2,65 y 2,64 y la negativa (RP-) fue 0,30 y 0,27 respectivamente. Ambos se asociaron con triglicéridos ≥150 mg/dL y glucosa ≥100 mg/dL y ninguno con C-HDL bajo y presión arterial ≥130/85 mmHg o en tratamiento. McAuley mostró asociación con cintura ≥102/88 cm (p>0,001). Se concluye que T-G mostró una aceptable concordancia con McAuley y ambos una similar asociación con SM. T-G podría ser útil para estudios en poblaciones pero para su aplicación en la clínica se necesitan más estudios.

Abstract The prevalence of high fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in our country. It is interesting to find insulin resistance indices accessible to the clinical laboratory at low cost. In 74 men and 142 women at risk for T2D, the McAuley and triglyceride-glucose (T-G) indices were analised to: a) determine the McAuley index values and they correlation with the T-G index; b) compare both indices for the detection of metabolic syndrome (MS) and their concordance; c) determine the association with MS components. For McAuley the median was 6.68 and the interquartile range (5.47-8.25) and for T-G it was 8.71 (8.35-9.05) respectively. The correlation between both was r=-0.802, p<0.001. Regarding MS, the areas under the ROC curve were: TG index=0.816±0.029 (95%CI 0.758-0.873), p<0.001 and for the 1/McAuley index=0.816±0.030 (95%CI 0.758-0.874) p<0.001. The Kappa agreement between the two indices was 0.630, p<0.001, Chi square 85.74 (p<0.001). For TG and McAuley the sensitivities were 80.7% and 80.7%, the specificities 70.7% and 69.4%, PP+ 62.5% and 62%, PP- 83.9 and 85.3%, the ratios of positive probability (PR+) were 2.65 and 2.64 and negative probability (PR-) were 0.30 and 0.27 respectively. Both were associated with triglycerides≥150 mg/dL and glucose≥100 mg/dL and neither with low HDL-C and blood pressure≥130/85 mmHg or treated. McAuley showed an association with waist≥102/88 cm (p>0.001). It is concluded that T-G showed acceptable agreement with McAuley and both similar association with SM. T-G could be useful for population studies but further studies are needed for its clinical application.

Resumo A prevalência de glicose elevada em jejum e a diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) está aumentando na Argentina. Interessanos achar índices de resistência à insulina acessíveis ao laboratório clínico a baixo custo. Em 74 homens e 142 mulheres em risco de DT2, os índices de McAuley e triglicerídeos-glicose (T-G) foram analisados para: a) determinar os valores do índice de McAuley e sua correlação com o índice T-G; b) comparar os dois índices para detecção da síndrome metabólica (SM) e sua concordância; c) determinar a associação com componentes SM. Para McAuley a mediana foi de 6,68 e o intervalo interquartil (5,47-8,25) e para T-G foi de 8,71 (8,35-9,05), respectivamente. A correlação entre os dois foi r=-0,802, p<0,001. Em relação à SM, as áreas sob a curva ROC foram: índice T-G=0,816±0,029 (IC95% 0,758-0,873), p<0,001 e para o 1/índice de McAuley=0,816±0,030 (IC95% 0,758-0,874) p<0,001. A concordância Kappa entre os dois foi de 0,630, p<0,001, Qui quadrado 85,74 (p<0,001). Para T-G e McAuley a sensibilidade foi 80,7% e 80,7%, especificidade 70,7% e 69,4%, PP+ 62,5% e 62%, PP- 83,9 e 85,3%, a razão de probabilidade positiva (RP+) foi 2,65 e 2,64 e negativa (RP-) foi de 0,30 e 0,27, respectivamente. Os dois foram associados com triglicerídeos≥150 mg/dL e glicose≥100 mg/dL e nenhum com C-HDL baixo e pressão arterial≥130/85 mmHg ou tratamento. McAuley mostrou associação com cintura≥102/88 cm (p>0,001). Conclui-se que T-G apresentou concordância aceitável com McAuley e ambos os dois associação semelhante a SM. T-G poderia ser útil para estudos populacionais, mas mais estudos são necessários para sua aplicação clínica.

Correlation between triglyceride-glucose index and vascular cognitive impairment in elderly patients with cerebral small vessel disease / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index and vascular cognitive impairment(VCI) in elderly patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).Methods:A total of 275 patients with CSVD aged 60 years or above admitted in the Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from August 2019 to March 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective study. According to the cognitive function assessed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), patients were divided into VCI group (187 cases) and non-VCI group (88 cases). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess the value of TyG index in predicting VCI. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the correlation between TyG index and VCI.Results:TyG index was higher in the VCI group than that in non-VCI group (9.07±0.54 vs. 8.70±0.55, t = 5.24, P<0.01). The area of ROC curve (AUC) of TyG index for predicting VCI was 0.70 (95% CI:0.64-0.77, P<0.01); taking 8.78 as the optimal cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.754 (141/187) and 0.614(54/88), respectively. The proportion of VCI patients in high TyG index group (≥8.78) was higher than that in low TyG index group (<8.78) [141 (80.6%) vs. 46 (46.0%), χ2=34.95, P<0.01]. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, level of education, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), homocysteine (Hcy), uric acid (UA) and total CSVD burden, TyG index was an independent risk factor of VCI ( OR=2.42, 95% CI: 1.37-4.29, P<0.01); and compared to patients with low TyG index (<8.78) the risk of VCI was increased for patients with high TyG index (≥8.78) ( OR=4.09, 95% CI: 2.18-7.68, P<0.01). Conclusion:TyG index is associated with VCI in elderly patients with CSVD, which may be used as a predictor of VCI for those patients.

Triglyceride Glucose Index Is Superior to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance for Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults

BACKGROUND: Recently, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been considered a surrogate marker of insulin resistance which is a well-known pathogenic factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD and the effectiveness of the TyG index compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in identifying NAFLD in Korean adults. METHODS: Participants of 4,986 who underwent ultrasonography in a health promotion center were enrolled. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2], and HOMA-IR was estimated. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in metabolic parameters among the quartiles of the TyG index. The prevalence of NAFLD significantly increased with increment in the TyG index. After adjusting for multiple risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was performed. When the highest and lowest quartiles of the TyG index and HOMA-IR were compared, the odds ratios for the prevalence of NAFLD were 2.94 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 2.32 to 3.72 and 1.43 to 2.61; both P for trend <0.01), respectively. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD. CONCLUSION: The TyG index and prevalence of NAFLD were significantly related and the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD in Korean adults.

Potential Association of Triglyceride Glucose Index with Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common and most neglected complication of diabetes, estimated to be roughly 8% in recently diagnosed patients and greater than 50% in patients with chronic disease history. The insulin resistance (IR) itself is bidirectionally associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CAN is a predisposing factor. The primary objective of the present study was aimed to find a correlation of triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) in CAN patients along with the prevalence of CAN in T2DM patients as a secondary objective. This prevalence study was conducted on 202 patients visiting the diabetic clinic of Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard (HIMSR) teaching hospital in New Delhi, India who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The Ewings autonomic function test was used for diagnosis of CAN. TyG index was calculated for patients based on fasting levels of glucose and triglyceride. The CAN was diagnosed in 62 participants out of 202 T2DM patients (overall prevalence 30.7%). The mean ± standard deviation (SD) for TyG index was 10.3 ± 0.2 and 9.5 ± 0.2 in CAN positive, T2DM patients, respectively. The difference of TyG index, in CAN positive and T2DM patients, was highly significant (P < 0.001). Further correlation analysis was performed to find an association of TyG index, duration, and age with patient groups. TyG index showed a positive correlation with heart rate during deep breathing (HRD), heart rate variation during standing (HRS), blood pressure (BP) response to handgrip and BP response to standing. Our finding highlights the TyG index, low-cost IR index, might be useful as an alternative tool for the early screening of patients at a high risk of diabetic neuropathy.